Assignment for Programming Language Concept

Review Chapter 2

from Concept of Programming Languages (Tenth Edition) by Robert Sebesta

1. Plankaltul designed between 1936 and 1945, while published in 1972

2. Plankaltul has some advanced features in data structure area and what most interesting was the inclusion of mathematical expressions showing relations between the variables

3. Plankaltul mean program calculus

4. Speedcoding include the operations of floating-point operators and include the novel facility of automatically incrementing address register

5. the words of UNIVAC 1's memory had 72 bits, grouped as 12 six-bit bytes'

6. IBM 704 has indexing and floating-point instructions in hardware, heralded the end of the interperative era
7. John Backus is the one who developed the speed coding for IBM 701

8. Short Code was developed by John Mauchly, short code wasn't translated to the machine code, rather it was implemented with a pure interpreter, therefore it was the cause this programming called automatic programming

10. One of the significant features of Fortran 2 that Fortran 1 don't have is the independent compilation of sub-routines

11. Fortran 77 retained most of the features of Fortran IV, and added with character string handling, logical loop control statement, and modules

12. Fortran 90 is the first one who has the dynamic variables

13. Fortran 77 is the first one who implemented character string handling

14. The linguist is concerned with the natural language processing, one of the beginning reasoning to AI development

15. Pure LISP has only two kinds of data structures : atom and lists.

16. Scheme is a small language with simple semantics and syntax, because of this, Scheme is well suited for education purpose, while common LISP is a large and complex language with a primitive functions

18. Algol 60 is a joint language project by GAMM ( german acronym for Society for applied Mathematics and Mechanics) and ACM (Association for Computer Machinery)

22. COBOL was based on FLOW-MATIC language, that was implemented in 1957

23. COBOL design project begin on May 28,29, 1959 at the Pentagon

24. The hierarchical data structures which is first appeared in 
the Plankatul were first implemented in COBOL

26. The original BASIC only have floating point data type

Problem set

5. i think one of the most hard to achieve is to speed for compiling process for a variety of programs, because computers at that time was expensive and have small memory and relatively unreliable

11. i personally think IBM is correct because trying to create an universal language that can be used in every aspect is good, but it would cause the language itself becoming a complex and large memory consumption, the downside is that

12. Procedural language determines WHAT & HOW a process should be done, Non-procedural language is concerned with the WHAT not the HOW. Non-procedural languages are those languages where you specify what conditions the answer should satisfy, but not how to obtain it.

13. In my opinion, C was a multipurpose language with wide variety and easy to understand, while Fortran is a scientific language, so people would prefer C than Fortran

14. i think the plus of type less language is made the programmer to be creative and, there are no restriction to the use of types, but the minus is the program would be hard to recognize and could become confusing, because there are no boundary between types

15. yes, SQL and Visual Basic

16. because the more simpler the language made it easier to modify and improves it readability to another programmer

17. Usually language design by committe are limited with the "goals" they made, and they need to calculate the cost of creating process, moreover if the one creating is a business based committe, they would make it cost-effective as possible so when goes to the market, the language can be sold at a fair price